CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION - 1

PART I - BEFORE BIRTH - 9

ABORTION
1 - John Finnis - Abortion and Health Care Ethics - 13
2 - Michael Tooley - Abortion and Infanticide - 21
3 - Judith Jarvis Thomson - A Defense of Abortion - 36
4 - Don Marquis - Why Abortion is Immoral - 46
5 - R. M. Hare - Abortion and the Golden Rule - 58

MOTHER-FETUS CONFLICT
6 - Laura M. Purdy - Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers? - 71

PART II - ISSUES IN REPRODUCTION - 83

ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
7 - Jan and Len Brennan - Case Study: Becoming IVF Parents - 87
8 - Margaret Tighe, Nicholas Tonti-Filippini, Robyn Rowland and Peter Singer IVF: A Debate - 91
9 - Laura M. Purdy - Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment? - 103
10 - Susan Dodds and Karen Jones - A Response to Purdy - 113
11 - Tony Hope, Gill Lockwood, Michael Lockwood, Jennifer Jackson and Susan Bewley - An Ethical Debate: Should Older Women Be Offered in vitro Fertilization? - 116

PRENATAL SCREENING, SEX SELECTION AND CLONING
12 - Laura M. Purdy - Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children be Immoral? - 123
13 - Deborah Kaplan - Prenatal Screening and its Impact on Persons with Disabilities - 130
14 - Mary Anne Warren - Sex Selection: Individual Choice or Cultural Coercion? - 137
15 - John Harris - "Goodbye Dolly?" The Ethics of Human Cloning - 143

PART III - THE NEW GENETICS

16 - Marc Lappé - Ethical Issues in Manipulating the Human Germ Line - 155
17 - John Harris - Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics? - 165
18 - Nicholas Agar - Liberal Eugenics - 171
19 - Benno MüIler-Hill - Lessons from a Dark and Distant Past - 182

PART IV - LIFE AND DEATH ISSUES

INTRODUCTION
20 - Jonathan Glover - The Sanctity of Life - 193
21 - Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Declaration on Euthanasia - 203

KILLING AND LETTING DIE
22 - Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr - The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View - 211
23 - Jonathan Bennett - "Whatever the Consequences" - 215
24 - James Rachels - Active and Passive Euthanasia - 227
25 - Winston Nesbitt - Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? - 231
26 - Helga Kuhse - Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - than Letting Die - 236

SEVERELY DISABLED NEWBORNS
27 - Neil Campbell - When Care Cannot Cure: Medical Problems in Seriously ill Babies - 243
28 - Helga Kuhse - A Modern Myth: That Letting Die is not the Intentional Causation of Death - 255
29 - R. M. Hare - The Abnormal Child: Moral Dilemmas of Doctors and Parents - 269
30 - Paula Boddington and Tessa Podpadec - Measuring Quality of Life in Theory and in Practice - 273
31 - Alison Davis - Right to Life of Handicapped - 283

BRAIN DEATH
32 - Ad Hoc Committee of Harvard Medical School - A Definition of Irreversible Coma - 287
33 - Peter Singer - Is the Sanctity of Life Ethic Terminally iII? - 292

ADVANCE DIRECTIVES
34 - Ronald Dworkin - Life Past Reason - 305
35 - Rebecca Dresser - Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy - 312

VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA AND MEDICALLY ASSISTED SUICIDE
36 - Chris Hill - The Note - 323
37 - Daniel Callahan - When Self-Determination Runs Amok - 327
38 - Pieter Admiraal - Listening and Helping to Die: The Dutch Way - 332
39 - John Hardwig - Is There a Duty to Die? - 339

PART V - RESOURCE ALLOCATION
40 - Paul T. Menzel - Rescuing Lives: Can´t We Count? - 351
41 - Nicholas Rescher - The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy - 354
42 - John Harris - The Value of Life - 365
43 - A. B. Shaw - In Defence of Ageism - 374

PART VI - ORGAN DONATION
44 - Richard M. Titmuss - Why Give to Strangers? - 383
45 - Eike-Henner W. Kluge - Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? - 387
46 - James F. Blumstein - Legalizing Payment for Transplantable Cadaveric Organs - 390
47 - John Harris - The Survival Lottery - 399
48 - A. L. Caplan - Is Xenografting Morally Wrong? - 404
49 - Peter Singer - Xenotransplantation and Speciesism - 412

PART VII - EXPERIMENTATION WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS
50 - Henry K. Beecher - Ethics and Clinical Research - 421
51 - Benjamin Freedman - Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research - 429
52 - Samuel Hellman - The Patient and the Public Good - 436
53 - Udo SchükIenk and Carlton Hogan - Patient Access to Experimental Drugs and AIDS Clinical Trial Designs: Ethical Issues - 441
54 - Torbjörn Tännsjö - The Morality of Clinical Research: A Case Study - 449

PART VIII - EXPERIMENTATION WITH ANIMALS
55 - Immanuel Kant - Duties Towards Animals - 459
56 - Jeremy Bentham - A Utilitarian View - 460
57 - Peter Singer - All Animals are Equal - 461
58 - R. G. Frey and Sir William Paton - Vivisection, Morals and Medicine: An Exchange - 471

PART IX - ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE PRACTICE OF HEALTH CARE

CONFIDENTIALITY
59 - Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California - 485
60 - Mark Siegler - Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept - 490
61 - Helga Kuhse - Confidentiality and the AMA´s New Code of Ethics: An Imprudent Formulation? - 493

TRUTH-TELLING
62 - Immanuel Kant - On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives - 499
63 - Joseph Collins - Should Doctors Tell the Truth? - 501
64 - Roger Higgs - On Telling Patients the Truth - 507

INFORMED CONSENT AND PATIENT AUTONOMY
65 - John Stuart Mill - On Liberty - 515
66 - Benjamin N. Cardozo - From SchIoendorff v. New York Hospital - 517
67 - Robert L. Schwartz - Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine - 518
68 - Robert M. Veatch - Abandoning Informed Consent - 523
69 - Julian Savulescu - Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment - 533

PART X - SPECIAL ISSUES FACING NURSES
70 - Barbara, Huttmann - One Nurse´s Story: What I Had to Do for My Patient Mac - 553
71 - E. Joy Kroeger Mappes - Ethical Dilemmas for Nurses: Physicians' Orders versus Patients' Rights - 555
72 - Lisa H. Newton - In Defense of the Traditional Nurse - 562

PART XI - ETHICISTS AND ETHICS COMMITTEES
73 - James Rachels - When Philosophers Shoot from the Hip - 573
74 - Jonathan D. Moreno - Ethics Consultation as Moral Engagement - 576
75 - Mark Siegler - Ethics Committees: Decisions by Bureaucracy - 583
76 - Dan W. Brock - Truth or Consequences: The Role of Philosophers in Policy-Making - 587

Index - 591